Marketing and Social Research Practice †Business Essay

Advertising and Social Research Practice †Business Essay Free Online Research Papers Advertising and Social Research Practice Business Essay Presentation Effective correspondence between the supliers and the purchasers of merchandise and enterprises of different types is crucial to any cutting edge society. Developing global connections make this much increasingly fundamental. For a suplier to give in the most proficient manner that customers require he should comprehend their contrasting needs; how best to address these issues; and how he can most viably convey the idea of the merchandise or administrations he is advertising. This is the target of showcasing research. It applies in both private and open areas of the economy. Comparable methodologies are likewise utilized in different fields of study: for instance in estimating the publics conduct and mentalities regarding social, political and different issues by Goverment and open bodies, the media, scholarly foundations, and so on. Showcasing and social examination have numerous interests, techniques and issues in like manner in spite of the fact that the subjects of study will in general be unique. Such researc relies on open certainty: certainty that is completed truly, equitably, without unwanted interruption or impediment to respondents, and that it depends on their willing participation. This certainty must be bolstered by any proper proffessional Code of Practice which oversees the waxy in which advertising research ventures are directed. The principal such Code was distributed by the European Society gor Opinion and Marketing Research (ESOMAR) in 1948. this was trailed by various Codes arranged by national advertising research social orders and by different bodies, for example, the International Chamber od Commerce (ICC = trgovinska zbornica), which speaks to the global showcasing network. In 1976 ESOMAR and the ICC concluded that it is desirable over have a solitary International Code rather than two contrasting ones, and a joint ICC/ESOMAR Code was therefor distributed in the next year (with modifications in 1986). Resulting hanges in the showcasing and social condition, new improvements in advertising research techniques and an incredible increment in global exercises of various types including enactment, drove ESOMAR to set up another form of the International Code in 1994. this new form sets out as compactly as conceivable the essential moral and business standards which administer the act of promoting and social exploration. It determines the standards which are to be followed in managing the overall population and with the business network, including customers and different individuals from the calling. ESOMAR will be happy to offer guidance on the execution of this Code; and furthermore offers a discretion and master appraisal administration to help settle specialized and different debates identifying with showcasing research ventures. Different parts of showcasing †specifically Direct Marketing and Advertising †are secured by discrete International Codes of Practice distributed by the ICC. Duplicates of these might be acquired from the ICC Secretariat in Paris. Exploration Papers on Marketing and Social Research Practice - Business EssayDefinition of Export QuotasInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesResearch Process Part OneAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Project Managment Office SystemPETSTEL investigation of IndiaEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementOpen Architechture a white paper

English as a National Foreign Language Essays

English as a National Foreign Language Essays English as a National Foreign Language Essay English as a National Foreign Language Essay Paper Topic: A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings Lady of Color Novel English as a National Foreign Language India has two national dialects for focal managerial purposes: Hindi and English. Hindi is the national, authority, and principle interface language of India. English is a partner official language. The Indian Constitution additionally formally supports twenty-two local dialects for legitimate purposes. Many unmistakably unique local dialects are spoken in India, which share numerous attributes, for example, linguistic structure and jargon. Aside from these dialects, Hindi is utilized for correspondence in India. The country of Hindi is for the most part in the north of India, yet it is spoken and generally comprehended in every urban focal point of India. In the southern conditions of India, where individuals communicate in various dialects that are very little identified with Hindi, there is more protection from Hindi, which has permitted English to stay a most widely used language to a more prominent degree. Since the mid 1600s, the English language has had a foothold on the Indian subcontinent, when the East India Company built up settlements in Chennai, Kolkata, and Mumbai, once in the past Madras, Calcutta, and Bombay separately. The authentic foundation of India is never far away from regular utilization of English. India has had a more drawn out introduction to English than whatever other nation which utilizes it as a subsequent language, its unmistakable words, phrases, sentence structure and talk spreading bit by bit to influence all spots, propensities and culture. In India, English fills two needs. To start with, it gives a phonetic instrument to the authoritative cohesiveness of the nation, causing individuals who communicate in various dialects to get joined together. Also, it fills in as a language of more extensive correspondence, including a huge wide range of individuals covering a huge zone. It covers with neighborhood dialects in specific ranges of prominence and in open spaces. By and large, English is utilized among Indians as a ‘link’ language and it is the principal language for some, accomplished Indians. It is additionally the second language for some, who communicate in more than one language in India. The English language is a tie that helps tie the numerous sections of our general public together. Additionally, it is a phonetic scaffold between the significant nations of the world and India. English has extraordinary national status in India. It has an exceptional spot in the parliament, legal executive, telecom, news coverage, and in the instruction framework. One can see a Hindi-talking educator giving their understudies guidelines during an instructive visit about where to meet and when their transport would leave, yet all in English. It implies that the language pervades day by day life. It is unavoidable and is constantly expected, particularly in the urban areas. The significance of the capacity to talk or compose English has as of late expanded fundamentally in light of the fact that English has gotten the true norm. Learning English language has gotten mainstream for business, trade and social reasons and particularly for web correspondences all through the world. English is a language that has become a standard not on the grounds that it has been affirmed by any ‘standards’ association but since it is broadly utilized by numerous data and innovation businesses and perceived as being standard. The call community wonder has animated an enormous extension of web related action, setting up the fate of India as a digital mechanical super-power. Present day interchanges, recordings, diaries and papers on the web utilize English and have made ‘knowing English’ crucial. The overarching view is by all accounts that except if understudies learn English, they can just work in restricted occupations. The individuals who don't have essential information on English can't acquire great quality occupations. They can't discuss productively with others, and can't have the advantage of India’s rich social and social life. People who can't fathom and decipher guidelines in English, regardless of whether taught, are unemployable. They can't help with their children’s school schoolwork regular or choose their income alternatives of things to come. An uplifting disposition to English as a national language is fundamental to the incorporation of individuals into Indian culture. There would have all the earmarks of being for all intents and purposes no contradiction in the network about the significance of English language aptitudes. Utilizing English you will end up being a resident of the world normally. English assumes a prevailing job in the media. It has been utilized as a mode for between state correspondence and broadcasting both previously and since India’s freedom. India is, point of fact, focused on English as a national language. The effect of English isn't just proceeding however expanding. english in India | |Officially English has a status of right hand language, however in reality it is the most significant language of India. After Hindi it is the most | |commonly communicated in language in India and presumably the most read and composed language in India. Indians who realize English will consistently attem pt to show | |that they know English. English represents in Indians minds, better training, better culture and higher insight. Indians who know English | |often blend it with Indian dialects in their discussions. It is additionally common among Indians to suddenly move to talk familiar English in the | |middle of their discussions. English likewise fills in as the communicator among Indians who communicate in various language. English is significant in| |some frameworks †legitimate, budgetary, instructive, business †in India. Until the start of 1990s, remote films in India weren’t deciphered or | |dubbed in Indian dialects, yet were communicated in English and were intended for English speakers as it were. The explanation Indians give such significance to | |English is identified with the way that India was a British settlement (see Europeans in India). |When the British began administering India, they looked for Indian arbiters who could assist them with administering India. The British went to high | |caste Indians to work for them. Numerous high station Indians, particularly the Brahmans worked for them. The British approach was to make an Indian | |class who should think like the British, or as it was said then in Britain â€Å"Indians in blood and shading however English in taste, in feelings and | |morals and intellect†. The British likewise settled in India colleges dependent on British models with accentuation on English. These Indians likewise | |got their training in British colleges. The English Christian teachers came to India from 1813 and they likewise manufactured schools at essential | |level for Indians in which the language of guidance was neighborhood language. Later on the evangelists manufactured secondary schools with English as the | |language of guidance which obliged the Indians who needed to concentrate to have a decent information on English. The British rulers started fabricating | |their colleges in India from 1857. English turned into the primary language in Indian instruction. The ‘modern’ pioneers of that time in India additionally | |supported English language and guaranteed it to be the primary key towards progress. Indians who realized great English were viewed as the new tip top of and phrases, the Indians additionally have their own | |unique English. The Indians and the Indian English language press utilizes numerous words got from Indian dialects, particularly from Hindi. Other so they could articulate them. Indeed, even and made them part of their English. Two instances of such changed words are currey and sari. |[pic] | Top of Form [pic] Bottom of Form The sole purpose for English language in India been laid such highlight lies showed in the way that India had once broadly filled in as a British province. When the alleged British Empire started its control upon India, they had to be sure explored for Indian mediators who could help them to direct India all the more charitably. Investigating the then Indian situation, the English rulers turned towards higher station Indians to work for them. Accordingly, various high position Indians, chiefly the Brahmans started to work under British dominion. The British arrangement was to mold an Indian class who should think and act like the British, or as it was expressed then in Britain, Indians in blood and shading however English in taste, in conclusions and ethics and acumen. Thus practically frightened with the status of English language in India, the British legislators began building up colleges dependent on British models with sole weight on English. As a justifiable outcome, these 'high-classed' Indians started to get their rudimentary training in their nation, at long last leaving for Vilayat (Great Britain or England was alluded to by this term during pre-freedom times in India) for advanced education in British colleges. Starting from the mid 1600s, English language has had a firm decent footing on the Indian subcontinent, when the British East India Company had set up settlements in Madras, Kolkata and Bombay, which were therefore proclaimed as Presidency towns, consolidating the recent august states. The verifiable foundation of India has in certainty never been too removed from routine use of English. India has had a drawn out introduction to English than whatever other nation which used it as a subsequent language, its eccentric words, expressions, punctuation and talk circularizing progressively to enchant each Indian state, locale, its people, their propensities and innate culture. So as to make sure about the spread of newly presented English language in India, the English Christian teachers started to show up in India from 1813, a huge move by British organization connected with India and its English partner. These Christian ministers likewise had raised schools at essential level for Indians, in which the medium and

How to Beat Writers Block

How to Beat Writers Block Dont Let Writers Block Bring You Down Dont Let Writers Block Bring You Down Ah, writer’s block it’s a plague that has affected great writers for centuries, and it happens to the best of us. There’s nothing worse than sitting down to write a paper and being unable to bring yourself to type a word. That’s when the stress kicks in and we completely lose focus. Writer’s block is like the hiccups: there isn’t a specific cure that works for everyone, but there are some tricks you can try. Whether you are struggling with an essay or academic paper, or tackling some fiction writing in your spare time, here are 5 tricks that will help you beat writer’s block and finish that amazing piece. 1. Clear Your Mind Back in the mid-1900s, psychologists attempted to cure writer’s block by having the writer undergo therapy. They believed that writers who hit a roadblock were simply unhappy because they were not meeting their personal goals, which caused frustration. One of the methods that was used to solve the issue included creative distraction by focusing their attention on a different creative outlet, the writers’ brains were able to get those juices flowing once again and return to their work. Try doing another activity to reboot your creative mind. 2. Give Yourself a Writing Schedule Getting your body into a writing schedule will help you develop a routine. Even if you can’t think of anything in that moment, write down whatever comes to your mind. Eventually, your brain will catch on and become more productive during those designated writing moments. 3. Take a Break Every living thing runs in cycles, so naturally your brain does too. It’s been scientifically proven that your brain can only be at peak productivity for about 90 to 120 minutes at a time before it needs a break to recharge. Give yourself a break. Grab a snack, watch an episode of your favourite show, catch the sports highlights- do whatever you need to do to take a time out. Then, get back in the game. 4. Take Away All Distractions Disconnect from the Internet, turn your phone off, and shut the door. Tell your friends not to bother you for a certain period of time. It’s time to hunker down and focus. Eliminate all distractions and concentrate on the piece you’re writing, and you should be able to gain focus. 5. Use a Custom Essay Writing Service When you just can’t beat writer’s block and your essay deadline is quickly approaching, turn to our team of professional writers at Homework Help Global. We offer custom essay writing services that can help you ace your classes, even when you suffer from writer’s block. Ready to try it out? Contact us now to get a quote! References Baer, D. (2013). Why you need to unplug every 90 minutes. Fast Company. Retrieved from why-you-need-to-unplug-every-90-minutes. Konnikova, M. (2016). How to beat writer’s block. The New Yorker. Retrieved from how-to-beat-writers-block. Wiehardt, G. (2017). Top 10 tips for overcoming writer’s block. The Balance. Retrieved from top-tips-for-overcoming-writer-s-block-1277776. How to Beat Writers Block Dont Let Writers Block Bring You Down Dont Let Writers Block Bring You Down Ah, writer’s block it’s a plague that has affected great writers for centuries, and it happens to the best of us. There’s nothing worse than sitting down to write a paper and being unable to bring yourself to type a word. That’s when the stress kicks in and we completely lose focus. Writer’s block is like the hiccups: there isn’t a specific cure that works for everyone, but there are some tricks you can try. Whether you are struggling with an essay or academic paper, or tackling some fiction writing in your spare time, here are 5 tricks that will help you beat writer’s block and finish that amazing piece. 1. Clear Your Mind Back in the mid-1900s, psychologists attempted to cure writer’s block by having the writer undergo therapy. They believed that writers who hit a roadblock were simply unhappy because they were not meeting their personal goals, which caused frustration. One of the methods that was used to solve the issue included creative distraction by focusing their attention on a different creative outlet, the writers’ brains were able to get those juices flowing once again and return to their work. Try doing another activity to reboot your creative mind. 2. Give Yourself a Writing Schedule Getting your body into a writing schedule will help you develop a routine. Even if you can’t think of anything in that moment, write down whatever comes to your mind. Eventually, your brain will catch on and become more productive during those designated writing moments. 3. Take a Break Every living thing runs in cycles, so naturally your brain does too. It’s been scientifically proven that your brain can only be at peak productivity for about 90 to 120 minutes at a time before it needs a break to recharge. Give yourself a break. Grab a snack, watch an episode of your favourite show, catch the sports highlights- do whatever you need to do to take a time out. Then, get back in the game. 4. Take Away All Distractions Disconnect from the Internet, turn your phone off, and shut the door. Tell your friends not to bother you for a certain period of time. It’s time to hunker down and focus. Eliminate all distractions and concentrate on the piece you’re writing, and you should be able to gain focus. 5. Use a Custom Essay Writing Service When you just can’t beat writer’s block and your essay deadline is quickly approaching, turn to our team of professional writers at Homework Help Global. We offer custom essay writing services that can help you ace your classes, even when you suffer from writer’s block. Ready to try it out? Contact us now to get a quote! References Baer, D. (2013). Why you need to unplug every 90 minutes. Fast Company. Retrieved from why-you-need-to-unplug-every-90-minutes. Konnikova, M. (2016). How to beat writer’s block. The New Yorker. Retrieved from how-to-beat-writers-block. Wiehardt, G. (2017). Top 10 tips for overcoming writer’s block. The Balance. Retrieved from top-tips-for-overcoming-writer-s-block-1277776.

Swot Analysis Biometrics Biometric Fingerprint And Voice...

Abstract— Biometrics is the technique of using exclusive, non moveable, physical characteristics, such as fingerprints, to earn entry for personal identification. Since After the invention of the exclusive technology it has been being used in safety systems and authentication. Presently, security fields have three different types of authentication, they are: Something we know: a password, PIN, or piece of personal information something we have: a card key, smart card, or token and something we are: a Biometric based computer networks and its access in the internet are the techniques which are known little and very rarely implemented. This paper deals with the accessibility of biometrics in a practical application like polling of votes-‘e-voting’ using a physical entity (finger print, Voice Recognition) through computer network. Keywords— E-voting, Biometrics Fingerprint Voice Recognition, Authentication, MFCC algorithm. I. INTRODUCTION Here we are simulating the large-scale voting system from anywhere. That means that the user can access to give vote from, them home PC, internet cafe, office PC. For this we are connecting the user PC with the voting server via Local Area Network (LAN). The user has to log on to the voting server via own PC. They will be asked for the authentication of identity. The user can then authenticate them ID using either Voice recognition or Fingerprint recognition Or Both. The main concept of the project is to make possible the voter to

Annotated Bibliography On Clinical Care Classification

CLINICAL CARE CLASSIFICATION CCC (According to Ahima (2006)),†Standardization of data content is also critical within an organization and across organizations for reporting purposes.† At the point when information are accumulated for authoritative reporting of value pointers utilized for agreeability reports indicating nature of consideration levels, the association must have certainty that its information can be contrasted pieces of fruit with fruits with information from different associations. On the off chance that two associations have distinctive definitions or qualities for a given field, the absence of institutionalization can prompt misconception, mistaken information translation, and failure to analyze results and results. The result may be wrong rates for result measures. This may even turn into a budgetary concern if pay-for-execution is established focused around conformance with detailed quality pointers. (Ahima, 2006) (The Ahima (2006) website), On the off chance that attaining to institut ionalization of information inside an association sounds considerable, it is a much more troublesome errand to institutionalize across the country. In the event that an association utilizes just its own particular information definitions, it will be exceptionally troublesome for it to transfer discriminating data to an accomplice. Medicinal services associations always work together with other industry stakeholders to work. A clinic trades persistent dataShow MoreRelatedNurses Are Causing Multiple Medication Errors in a Clinical and Practice Setting1030 Words   |  5 Pagesproblem that was identified for this research assignment, was that nurses were causing multiple medication errors in a clinical and practice setting. According to the authors Wolf, Hicks, and Serembus (2006), a medication error is defined as any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the health care professional, patient, or consumer. It is very important for experienced nurses and nursing professors to identifyRead MoreThe Marketing Research of Brainquiry33782 Words   |  136 Pagesinformation lists about 5000 known psychologists in New York that are associated with either biofeedback or neurofeedback. Therefore this list contains a sample from each field of psychology which is covered in 3 areas; Biofeedback, Neurofeedback and Clinical Psychology. In the excel file mentioned above it can be seen that in this sample there are a total of  ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬248 psychologists listed. It can also be seen that there are also two blades that contain contact information for doctors, the personalRead MoreNew Product Development10504 Words   |  43 Pagesadvantage over other companies in the market. Often this is possible through Innovation. This article discusses on Luxottica S.p.A (Luxottica)’s effort in diversifying its successful and premium brand Ray Ban from its sun glasses business to eye care and solutions. Also it analyses current market position of Luxottica and more specifically Ray Ban, and discusses its current strategy in introducing products and services, efforts on innovation and the feasibilities and business prospects of the latestRead MoreDeveloping Effective Research Proposals49428 Words   |  198 Pagesthe distinction between problem and question is not so sharp. Sometimes social research is concerned with interventions, and assessing their outcomes. Some areas of nursing research are a good example, especially those concerned with nursing in the clinical setting. Behind this focus on interventions lies the idea of a problem which needs a solution, previous page page_16 next page Page 17 and it is the intervention which is proposed as a solution. This is the logic of the approachRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagespolicy. But modelling the output-generating process as completely automated may not be a reasonable description. If human operators tend the process, they can inXuence the probability that defects are generated by, for example, taking more or less care in how they set up the machine, or in how they feed parts to the machine. In this case, the chosen variance investigation policy can inXuence the actions taken by the operators and, therefore, the realized defect rate. How then should a variance investigation

Anyone can make a difference Free Essays

There is no such thing as a perfect world although we continue to try and make it seem that way. Mankind has dreamt about making this wish a reality for many centuries yet has failed in its attempts. This concept along with the failure it carries exists because no one man or women can entirely change the world we live in. We will write a custom essay sample on Anyone can make a difference or any similar topic only for you Order Now No two people are alike so therefore how can millions of individuals be expected to have the same exact motives or desires. In contrast, the reality is that no matter what sex, GE, religious belief or ethnicity you carry, everyone has the same bottom line basic needs that must be met for survival. If each and every one of us could understand that perception and accept it than the key to peace would be among us. Over the centuries in which humanity has been alive it seems that this fact has not been discovered by all its civilization. So therefore many have learned that by separating themselves from trying to persuade this thought, they can more over begin to focus on their own parts to play in this action movie called â€Å"Life†. This world is filled opportunity; anyone of us can have and will have the chance to take a stand in making our home a better place. Being a strong advocate of voting, it is shocking to conclude that many of Americans do not participate in the act of voting, elections or other democratic virtues. The best tool that we have at our disposal is the Benton 2 power to vote, which is the most sufficient way to voice our own opinions. Too many people described as Americans like the idea of problems fixing problems but this solution is unrealistic. If someone does not agree with how the government is running things then it is stated in the Declaration of Independence to speak up! It is overall OUR RIGHT to say so! The government should never have full control over our country; we are supposed to have a democracy run civilization not some communist dictatorship! Another action that should be used in attempt to make our world a finer place is to recognize how something so simple as showing respect and love towards one another can lead to such positive self-outcomes beyond measure. Anyone no matter hat sex, age, religion or ethic background again should be treated equally and not any different then how you would want or expect to be treated. No one human being is better than another even if he or she makes more money or is shown to be in a higher standing within the system. I mean if there really is a â€Å"God†, than we are all his children, correct? No favorites would have been picked from the bunch over another. Nevertheless, along with these examples, a dedication to volunteer activities can also provide an impact on the community not alone on you. Regardless of the location in which you become involved with such extracurricular activities it is always known to show a positive feedback. There are so many amazing, kind hearted and wonderful people who reside here in Fresno, California not mentioning the rest of the planet yet along with these people one should recognize that there will be a lot of harsh ones to follow. Yet, experiences with others should never change your own view and relations to the outside world. It is true that his economy is so horrid Benton 3 eight now that it is causing thousands to morph into self-centered monsters. This reality is disgusting as it is the barrier that is separating that of commonality. Sadly enough, this sequence of events is taking venue only because of the way we have let such issues prolong. The need for survival is a mind-controlling factor yet if we could all realize that by working towards a much deeper long-term goal, we all would be much better off. The strong crave for the light bulb to one day appear over the naive is prodigious as help from America’s people is so desperately needed. Evidentially enough, it is impossible to turn the minds of everyone single handedly so some must carry on with their own lives and continually try their best in spreading their own opinions and words in the appropriate ways. While dreaming of a greater day, maybe this exhibit will one day be transformed into a reality for at lease our children or children’s’ children to experience. All that any single individual can do is give effort and think that maybe their suggestions will make a positive influence and one day spread into something larger and far greater†¦ How to cite Anyone can make a difference, Papers

PCR Amplifies Pieces of DNA

Question: If you detected 2 alleles using amplicon-length analysis, would you need to then perform repeat-primed PCR? Why or why not? Answer: PCR amplifies pieces of DNA across many orders of magnitude. As a result, thousands copies of the DNA is generated for any specific DNA sequences. Repeated primed PCR is used to generate amplicons because of many annealing sites present on the template. For screening of fragile X permutations, determination of mosaic fragile X samples, screening of full mutations, it is used. When a detection of allele is done by amplicon-length analysis, additional testing is to be done by carrying out repeated-primed Polymerase Chain Reaction, for confirming amplification of both the alleles. This is needed to be done in order to detect whether the alleles are heterozygous or homozygous. Detection of carrier can be done. This will lead to the identification of dominant and recessive alleles. Mutations present can be detected also. This is because amplification is done by PCR. Mutations are important for identification as mutations influence the working of the alleles immensely. The alleles are effected by such mutations. Repeat-primed PCR is highly specific for particular nucleotide sequences. Moreover, there are no false positives in this procedure. The method is errorless. The highly sensitive nature of the repeat-primed PCR makes it the choice of molecular technique. Amplification can be done from very minute amount of DNA.

Management Report on E

Executive Summary In Aurgust 2006, 68 million Internet users have mistaken the company’s official website for YouTube, a popular online video site. This has caused severe interruptions in the workings of the company’s official website, causing an eventual shutdown.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Management Report on E-Commerce Issues. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Adding a new server did not help. The company had to add more capacity. Another side of the problem, which might eventually prove to be a windfall, is that Google plans to buy YouTube for $1.65 billion. Introduction The purpose of this report is to provide the most sound solutions to given problem, taking into account the latest e-commerce management issues as those are related to given problem. One asssumption made in this report, is that the company, Universal Tube Rollform Equipment Corporation, has a large network of business con tacts. The brief overview of report’s contents can be found in the â€Å"Table of Contents†. Advice to CEO This problem presents an opportunity for company’s diversification. This is explored in more detail in the section of this report entitled â€Å"Advantages Stemming Out of the Given Problem.†Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More But diversification is a long-term goal, meaning that it should be considered only after more basic steps have been taken. The first of them would be to email customers. Those emails would tell customers the nature of the problem and also express our company’s deep concern. They might also contain the name of the new domain, the name of which is suggested in the paragraph below. Considering the facts that â€Å"eighty percent of business conducted on the Net today takes place between firms†¦ rather than with individual consumers† (DuBrin, 2009, p.493), and that Universal Tube â€Å"sells used machines that make tubes† (DuBrin, 2009, p.508), it becomes evident that the company’s large network of business contacts means that the most important of its partners and customers can be reached via the official emails of their companies. Thus, the current situation does not pose any serious risks, because the very fact that it has been identified implies many ways of correcting it; not to mention an even brighter side of this issue, which lies in the fact that the established companies usually eschew â€Å"the medium of a large buyer exchange† (DuBrin, 2009, p.495). In our case, it means that the company might need to establish a temporary website which would provide services to the selected customers. This website might even take a form of â€Å"members only† platform, in which only the customers with previously issued usernames and passwords would be allowed. This would help create a feeling of closeness and would promote customer loyalty.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Management Report on E-Commerce Issues. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another way of alleviating the difficulties of given case and promoting customer loyalty would be to hire additional call center personnel and work with company’s most loyal customers through the phone. This is especially important considering the fact that â€Å"despite conducting business over the Internet, many customers want to follow up with telephone calls† (DuBrin, 2009, p.495). Our case has illustrated this tendency, as at the climax of this problem, â€Å"at least 50 customers called during the week to point out the problem† (DuBrin, 2009, p.508). While the costs of hiring additional personnel may be significant, they can keep the company from losing its most loyal customers. Those 50 customers who have called do seem loyal, because they could have easily accessed the website of some other company which offers the same services. Yet another way of alleviating the difficulties of given case would be â€Å"to obtain a domain name, such as one ending in ‘.co.uk’ for Britain. Several surveys indicate that up to 80 percent of Europeans shop first at Web sites with local domains† (DuBrin, 2009, p.495). This would help the company’s long-term profitability, while establishing a more reliable-looking domain name. My another advice to CEO would be to talk to the press in order to increase the mass media coverage of given problem, so that more people might learn about it.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Its beneficial impact would be that of increasing the number of people who know about the given issue, thereby driving additional traffic to the website and increasing the number of â€Å"hits†. Thus, the website’s value would increase and the company would be able to sell its domain name for an even bigger sum of money. Thus, I would advise the company to try to sell its domain. However, before doing so, it might be beneficial to expand its operations by filing a lawsuit and thus attracting more mass media coverage. But while doing this, it would be also necessary to send a number of emails and letters to the regular customers, informing them about the establishment of new website, â€Å"utubeequipment.com† – thus, I woud suggest the establishment of new website with the given name, which is especially opportune in that most of the people, at least in terms of its customers, regard the company as the maker of â€Å"machines that make tubes† (DuBri n, 2009, p.508). A creative solution to finding the best option among the above-mentioned ones woud be to directly ask the consumers which of the above options of solving the problem they prefer. This could be done through the survey, which would be located on the temporary website built for its selected, most loyal customers. Thus, since they have already shown their loyalty, they might as well show more of their loyalty by opting to participate in the survey, which could also be conducted through the phone. However, the online version of survey seems less intrusive and more cost-effective, especially considering the relatively inexpensive cost of online surveys, even when those are conducted by Survey Monkey or Zoomerang, â€Å"two most popular online survey providers† (West, 2008). To be more exact, â€Å"Zoomerang†¦ has a professional subscription of $599 a year and allows you to use your own in-house list†¦ while SurveyMonkey†¦ costs $19.95 a month for a professional subscription but has a free standard package† (West, 2008). The fact that â€Å"80 percent of the Fortune 100 have active SurveyMonkey subscriptions† (West, 2008), seems to attest to the fact they do provide significant benefits. While all of the above proposed solutions may seem costly, it is necessary to understand that â€Å"there are many pieces you need to build before you can make money online† (Kha, 2000,.p.24). Universal Tube Versus Google The costs of litigation may be significant. However, considering the fact that â€Å"Google†¦. plans to buy YouTube for $US1.65 billion,† the litigation may yield significant profits, and will most likely result in at least partial compensation of company’s damages, since the company’s domain name, www.utube.com, has been established earlier than that of YouTube. In addition, the results of similar case involving the domain name,www.delta.com, seem to point out to the great likelih ood of at least partial compensation. Therefore, the company should pursue legal action against the owner of YouTube. Advantages Stemming Out of the Given Problem There are two major ways in which Universal Tube can capitalize on the confusion created by YouTube visitors: advertisement and diversification. Revenue from advertisement can become a second form of income for Universal Tube. Taking into account the fact that Universal Tube â€Å"has about $12 million in annual sales† (DuBrin, 2009, p.508), it is clear that the revenue from advertisement cannot become the company’s main source of income. However, the revenue from advertisement can supplement the company’s main source of income. Thus, Parmy Olson, â€Å"London Bureau Chief at Forbes.com† (Forbes 2011), writes that â€Å"one wonders if it might have been worth finding the extra cash to sustain utube.com, considering most online advertisers would likely come stampeding at the sound of 68 million hits a month (Olson, 2006).† Another windfall, which stems from the above one and can be likewise taken advantage of, is the company’s diversification, which seems to have been already spurred without any costs. Thus, the company will need to take very few steps in order to capitalize on its benefits. Moreover, there is a wide variety of noted economists who support an idea of diversification. Three of them, Sam Kirschner, Eldon Mayer, and Lee Kessler, have co-authored a highly acclaimed book called The Investor’s Guide to Hedge Funds (2006), in which they write that â€Å"diversification†¦. is at the heart of Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) and drives contemporary portfolio construction and optimization† (p.16). Moreover, the Markowitz model, which lies at the core of MPT and for which its authors have received the Nobel Prize, â€Å"establishes that the risk of a portfolio is lower than the average of the risks of each asset taken individually and gi ves quantitative evidence of the contribution of diversificaton† (Amenc and Le Sourd, 2003 p.77). The theoretical economists, however, are not the only ones who believe in the benefits of diversification. The vast majority of companies believe in the benefits of diversification too. Thus, Gary E. Clayton, a noted economist who has taught economics at various colleges and universities, writes in his economics textbook, Economics: Principles and Practices (1999), that â€Å"firms believe that if they do not ‘put all their eggs in one basket,’ their overall sales will be protected† (p.65). It is indeed true. In our case, the diversification has been virtually effectuated. Thus, our firm can save on the costs. It is especially easy with Google AdSense, which, according to its official website â€Å"is a free program that empowers online publishers to earn revenue by displaying relevant ads on a wide variety of online content†(Google). Thus, it is free an d can be easily utilized without any major investments. It’s additonal advantage is that it is widely used and thus seems to be reliable. Indeed, Ross Walker, â€Å"an assistant research professor with the San Diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC) at UC San Diego†(San Diego Supercomputer Center, 2011), writes on his personal website that â€Å"Google AdSense is the current leader in content-sensitive web-based marketing† (Walker, 2010). However, Google AdSense is not the only program that allows to earn revenue by means of displaying ads on one’s website. There are many different alternative programs, some of which include AdBrite, Bidvertiser, Chitika, Infolinks, Pocket Cents, and Dynamic Oxygen. After having examined their relative benefits, however, I have come to conclusion that the most competitive online advertising solution next to Google AdSense is AdBrite, because it alllows â€Å"to monetize all traffic to your site, not just traffic that clicks on your ads†¦. and has more relaxed terms and conditions than Adsense† (Walker, 2010). Thus, it would be beneficial to try both AdSense and AdBrite. What is especially important to note about this type of revenue is that it is not correlated to company’s main source of revenue – â€Å"used machines that make tubes† (DuBrin, 2009, p.508). Thus, it can increase the company’s borrowing power. It is especially evident when one considers the opinion of â€Å"Diamond (1984), who has forcefully argued that diversification may bring substantial incentive benefits when projects are independent†¦ † by letting â€Å"the borrower†¦ cross-pledge the incomes of various projects† (Tirole, 2006, p.158). However, this type of revenue is not a necessary consequence of just having the website running. While all of the above solutions and their beneficial effects might be easy to reach, their implementation can be tricky. Thus, it is necessar y to understant exactly how the web advertisement business will be integrated into the old business. It migh be even necessary to rethink the whole business model and Internet strategy. What is especially important to understand is the branding aspect of it, as â€Å"being everything to everybody in the digital economy is fruitless (Kha, 2000,.p.42)†. Thus, it would be necessary to identify a certain niche of companies that would be interested in cooperation. Hazards of E-commerce Before going into the discussion of e-commerce hazards, as those are related to given problem, it is imporant to note that e-commerce has in many ways become an indelible part of our everyday life. Not only we go to Web for news and other pieces of information, be it stock quotes or news, but we also go to Web for such essential things as bank statements. This shows that no matter how dangerous e-commerce is, it is still the future, or at least so the statistics show, as†Goldman Sachs’ estimate of the total value of e-commerce in 2004 was $3.48 Trillion† (Lincolnshire Chamber of Commerce, 2007). Another statistical indicator of the same trend is that â€Å"according to Shop.org, retails sales in general are growing about 3 percent per year, where online growth is in double digits† (DuBrin, 2009, p.493). Thus, overall, the data seems to support the opinion of Effy Oz, former â€Å"Professor of Management Science and Information Systems at the Pennsylvania State University† (Penn State Great Valley School of Graduate Professional Studies, 2008), who wrote that â€Å"Web technologies have been integrated into the business world to a degree that makes it difficult at times to realize which activites take place inside the organization and which involve information flowing from other places through the Internet. We have become so accustomed to the integration of the Web into our daily activities, especially the commercial ones, that the lines betwee n commerce and e-commerce have been blurred† ( p.301).† It is also important to note that â€Å"virtually every large industrial firm has its own Web site,† (DuBrin, 2009, p.496) from which it is reaping enormous benefits. Therefore, Universal Tube Rollform Equipment Corporation should keep its website, no matter what the costs are and no matter whether the company can keeps its current domain name or not. Another important aspect of this case that should be mentioned before embarking onto the description of hazards of e-commerce, is that the complexity of given case stems out of the limitations of current legal system. Indeed, Jacqueline D. Lipton, â€Å"Professor of Law at Case Western Reserve University School of Law† (DePaul University College of Law, 2009), wrote that it â€Å"raises questions as to how effectively current laws and policies deal with situations where two different companies assert similar interests in one or more domain names.† (2008, p.510). This case is not the new one, however, so one should look at previous case in order to come to better solutions for the given case. Indeed, â€Å"there have been many examples since the inception of the domain name system where several parties with legitimate claims to similar trademarks have battled for corresponding domain names, such as delta.com† (Lipton, 2008, p.510). Now that we know the context of this case, it is time to consider the hazards of e-commerce as those are related to this case One of the hazard’s of e-commerce that this case shows is that of the â€Å"increased demands placed on managers† (DuBrin, 2009, p.482). While it may seem like something else than â€Å"hazard†, it really is a hazard in that it threatens to destroy the firm’s credibility in case the management does not find a proper solution. Thus, this hazard tests managers’ ability to adapt, which is a wider reflection of the fact that â€Å"infor mation technology itself changes so rapidly that managers must adapt themselves to the changes† (DuBrin, 2009, p.482). Another hazard of e-commerce that this case shows is that of the â€Å"deterioration of customer service† (DuBrin, 2009, p.491). Thus, some people, having typed â€Å"you† instead of â€Å"u†, got to the wrong website and were very baffled to find something completely else. Even though it might seem to be a problem caused by the customer, at least in that it has stemmed out of his or her inattention, it really is not the issue here, because in the marketplace the customer is king. No wonder then that â€Å"an extensive investigation into self-service technologies uncovered several areas of customer discontent† (DuBrin, 2009, p.491). This seems to point out yet another hazard of e-commerce. Yet another hazard of e-commers stems from of the previous one: â€Å"dealing with baffled consumers† (DuBrin, 2009, p.491). It is a hazar d in that it can lead to the loss of potential clients and/or current customers, in case the baffled customers are not taken care of and their problems solved. Conclusion It is clear that the windfalls of given case significantly outweigh the problems associated with it. The ways for utilizing those windfalls are indicated in the list of recommendations. List of Recommendations (in the order of steps decreasing urgency): Emailing customers companie’s apology and explanation of the situation Establishment of temporary website for selected customers Hiring additional call center personnel Diversification via online advertisement Interviews to mass media Initiation of litigation against the owner of YouTube Sale of original domain name. Reference List Amenc, Noel and Le Sourd, Veronique. (2003). Portfolio theory and performance analysis. Chichester, John Wiley Sons. Clayton, Gary E. (1999) Economics: principles and practices.Westerville, Glencoe/McGraw-Hill. DePaul University College of Law. (2009). Jacqueline D. Lipton. Available from: http://www.law.depaul.edu/centers_institutes/ciplit/niro_symposium_09/lipton.asp . DuBrin, A. (2009) Essentials of management. USA, South-Western Cengage Learning. Forbes. (2011) Available from: http://www.forbes.com/fdc/bios/new/parmyolson.html . Google. Google AdSense. www.google.com/adsense . Lincolnshire Chamber of Commerce. E-Commerce – Business to Consumer (B2C) Business to Business (B2B). Available from: http://www.lincs-chamber.co.uk/images/stories/E-Commerce%20-%20Business%20to%20Consumer%20_B2C_%20%20Business%20to%20Busine.pdf . Kirschne, Sam et al. (2006) The investor’s guide to hedge funds. Hoboken, John Wiley Sons. Kha, Le. (2000). Critical Success Factors for Business-to-Consumer E-business: Lessons from Amazon and Dell. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Libraries [online] Available from: http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/28223/45745438.pdf?sequence%5Cu003d1 . Lipton, Jacquel ine D. (2008) A Winning Solution for Youtube and Utube? Corresponding Trademarks and Domain Name Sharing. Harvard Journal of Law Technology[online]. Volume 21, Number 2 Spring 2008. Available from: http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/articles/pdf/v21/21HarvJLTech509.pdf . Olson, Parmy. (2006) UTube Vs. YouTube: It Gets Ugly. Forbes[online]. Available from: http://www.forbes.com/2006/11/02/youtube-utube-google-legal-cx_po_1102markets06.html . Penn State Great Valley School of Graduate Professional Studies. (2008) Effy Oz. Available from: http://galletta.business.pitt.edu/tributes/EffyOz.html . Tirole, Jean. (2006) The theory of corporate finance. Princeton, Princeton University Press. San Diego Supercomputer Center. (2011) Ross Walker wins Outstanding Junior Faculty Award. Available from: http://www.sdsc.edu/News%20Items/PR033011_rwalker.html . Walker, Ross. (2010) The Top 10 Alternatives to Google Adsense. Available from: http://www.rosswalker.co.uk/adsense_top10/ . West, Lena. (2008) Surv ey Says†¦Online Feedback Key to Success. Ecommerce-guide.com [online} Available from: http://www.ecommerce-guide.com/resources/article.php/3632576/Survey-SaysOnline-Feedback-Key-to-Success.htm . This report on Management Report on E-Commerce Issues. was written and submitted by user Braxton House to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Abbreviations and Titles Used in College

Abbreviations and Titles Used in College Some abbreviations are appropriate in academic writing, while others are not appropriate. Below youll find a list of abbreviations you are likely to use in your experience as a student. Abbreviations for College Degrees Note: The  APA doesnt recommend using periods with degrees. Be sure to consult your style guide as recommended styling may vary.   A.A. Associate of Arts: A two-year degree in any specific liberal art or a general degree covering a mix of courses in liberal arts and sciences. It is acceptable to use the A.A. abbreviation in place of the full degree name. For example, Alfred earned an A.A. at the local community college. A.A.S. Associate of Applied Science: A two: Dorothy earned an A.A.S. in culinary arts after she earned her high school degree. A.B.D. All But Dissertation: This refers to a student who has completed all the requirements for a Ph.D. except for the dissertation. It is used primarily in reference to doctoral candidates whose dissertation is in progress, to state that the candidate is eligible to apply for positions that require a Ph.D. The abbreviation is acceptable in place of the full expression. A.F.A. Associate of Fine Arts: A two-year degree in a field of creative art such as painting, sculpting, photography, theater, and fashion design. The abbreviation is acceptable in all but very formal writing. B.A. Bachelor of Arts: An undergraduate, four-year degree in liberal arts or sciences. The abbreviation is acceptable in all but very formal writing. B.F.A. Bachelor of Fine Arts: A four-year, undergraduate degree in a field of creative art. The abbreviation is acceptable in all but very formal writing. B.S. Bachelor of Science: A four-year, undergraduate degree in a science. The abbreviation is acceptable in all but very formal writing. Note: Students enter college for the first time as undergraduates pursuing either a two-year (associates) or a four-year (bachelors) degree. Many universities have a separate college within called a graduate school, where students may choose to continue their education to pursue a higher degree. M.A. Master of Arts: The masters degree is a degree earned in graduate school. The M.A. is a masters degree in one of the liberal arts awarded to students who study one or two years after earning a bachelors degree. M.Ed. Master of Education: The masters degree awarded to a student pursuing an advanced degree in the field of education. M.S. Master of Science: The masters degree awarded to a student pursuing an advanced degree in science or technology. Abbreviations for Titles Dr. Doctor: When referring to a college professor, the title usually refers to a Doctor of Philosophy, the highest degree in many fields. (In some fields of study the masters degree is the highest possible degree.) It is generally acceptable (preferable) to abbreviate this title when addressing professors in writing and when conducting academic and non-academic writing. Esq. Esquire: Historically, the abbreviation Esq. has been used as a title of courtesy and respect. In the United States, the title is generally used as a title for lawyers, after the full name. Example: John Hendrik, Esq. It is appropriate to use the abbreviation Esq. in formal and academic writing. Prof. Professor: When referring to a professor in nonacademic and informal writing, it is acceptable to abbreviate when you use the full name. It is best to use the full title before a surname alone. Example: Ill invite Prof. Johnson to appear as a speaker at our next meeting.Professor Mark Johnson is speaking at our next meeting. Mr. and Mrs. The abbreviations Mr. and Mrs. are shortened versions of mister and mistress. Both terms, when spelled out, are considered antiquated and outdated when it comes to academic writing. However, the term mister is still used in very formal writing (formal invitations) and military writing. Do not use mister or mistress when addressing a teacher, a professor, or a potential employer. Ph.D. Doctor of Philosophy: As a title, the Ph.D. comes after the name of a professor who has earned the highest degree awarded by a graduate school. The degree may be called a doctoral degree or a doctorate. Example: Sara Edwards, Ph.D. You would address a person who signs correspondence as Sara Edwards, Ph.D. as Dr. Edwards.

Is rape a product of sexual desire or the exercise of power Essay

Is rape a product of sexual desire or the exercise of power - Essay Example Other theorists take a different perspective, iterating that rape is actually a product of repressed or overt sexual desire occurring in one with the inability to control their impulsive desires. Some researchers even attempt to place motivation on drug and alcohol consumption; however, there is not enough evidence that alcohol and drug dependency maintains predictive characteristics that will influence decisions to perform rapes. Research evidence on the subject tends to point toward rape as being a blend of exertion of power and dominance whilst also being influenced by cultural dynamics and the rule of law. There is not enough distinct knowledge literature on the subject that can concretely justify that rape is only a construct of desire, as there have been ample research studies conducted using diversified samples that illustrate rape is a multi-faceted activity that represents both inherent motivations for exerting power and satisfying cultural models of acceptable masculinity, with much less emphasis on rape as a product of satisfying intrinsic sexual desires. This paper describes the many intricacies of the act of rape in order to determine whether power or sexual ambition should be considered the primary motivation for sexual aggression against others. ... There are some cultural misconceptions pre-existing in Western societies where men in masculine social circles believe that men have the absolute right to demand sex when providing females with gifts or social recreation (Henslin, 2005). In cultures with very robust disparities between what is considered acceptable masculine behaviour versus feminine behaviour, it is more likely that acts of rape will be defended by male reference groups. Long-standing, acceptable cultural models that illustrate different standards for males versus females serve as the foundation for what motivates some acts of rape against others. Though there are multitudes of legalities established by democratic governance systems to define rape and its consequences for perpetrating sexual violence, the micro-level connotations of social reference groups determine the acceptability of performing sexual aggression. In this case, it is neither the exertion of power against others nor the fulfilment of whimsical sexu al desires; instead, it is the consequences of cultural judgment that serves as motivation to carry out rape. Psychologists and sociologists alike tend to agree that the power of peer assessment and criticism are powerful predictors of future behaviour for many in society (Weiten and Lloyd, 2005). Individuals who gain positive development of self-esteem and self-respect by adhering to reference group opinion would most likely justify performing violent rapes by citing social consensus. In some countries such as Nigeria, in which women are considered to be lesser entities compared to the patriarchical cultural model in place, rape is a common occurrence

Dell and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dell and Management - Essay Example Attentive approach to potential markets evaluation and effective realization of management ideas directing the efficiency and sales growth make Dell computers one the best managed companies in the world. In addition to that, Dell management always have full database of current and fulfilled operations - it provides the management's ability to foresee the situation and analyze it properly and deeply. Anther interesting feature of Dell management is that executives, as well as other specialists of the company, work in groups (so called "two-in-a-box" approach), so members of a group can improve work efficiency by mutual analysis and help. High efficiency, speed and discipline differs Dell from many other world famous corporations. All these management approaches and their realization provide Dell computers as one the best managed companies in the world. 2. There are some management functions which are realized best in the company. One of these functions is direct control of business processes in the company. The CEO has a full range of sales promotion database and all the information needed for business operating: "In the office, he reserves an hour in the morning and one each afternoon to do nothing but read and respond to e-mail, according to one former executive (The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, p.6)". One another management function best realized in Dell is active sales promotion strategies providing - they direct to sales and production quality growth. In addition to that, different forms of cooperation with other leading companies are provided, such as brands use and other companies' managers recruiting. Dell management's purpose is not only to achieve high rates of profit and sales growth, but it tries to monitor long-term success and profitability. So, different sale and price approaches and strategies are maintained, and these management's methods provide long-term success and customers' trust in Dell services and production. These approaches also provide money saving policy which is very important for any successful company. One of the Dell top managers underlined that "There are some organizations where people think they're a hero if they invent a new thing. Being a hero at Dell means saving money (The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, p.3)". Effective combination of different types of management also provides high efficiency of all business operations in Dell. 3. The management functions indicated above are performed because of high targets which Dell managers have, and only effective realization of these functions can provide long-term success of the company. There are some ways of these functions performing. The managers of Dell use such effective sales method as direct sales which provide high volume of sales. Direct sales method also provides low cost services and production - it helps to enter new markets successfully and for a long time. The CEO encourages accountability among employees, and it provides high level of efficiency and responsibility. The function of control is also provided by "two-in-box" method which allows two managers to work

BTVET in Uganda

BTVET in Uganda AN INVESTIGATIVE STUDY OF FACTORS AFFECTING ENROLMENT AND COMPLETION RATES IN INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER LEARNING (BTVET) IN UGANDA Introduction This study attempts to conduct an investigation of the factors affecting enrolment and completion rates within the Business, Technical Vocational Education and Training (BTVET) institutions in Uganda. The study covers a period of ten years (between 1999 to 2009), rationally decided upon as it was during this time when the government Implemented major reforms within the education system of the country, as a result of the Education Review Commission (1989). It will be noted that 1999 falls two years short of the actual time (1997) when the government implemented Universal Primary Education (UPE) free to four children of every Ugandan family in the country a step towards meeting Education for all (EFA) by the year 2012 as one of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) in the country. The study takes place more than ten years down the line since the inception of UPE and three years after Universal Secondary Education (USE) programmes. Whilst many primary schools are still struggling with the influx of pupils who would otherwise have had no chance of getting a formal elementary education if it were not for UPE and USE, this author seeks to investigate whether the implementation of these programmes has in any way made a difference to peoples attitudes towards education in general and vocational education in particular. The study seeks to investigate the trend of enrolment and completion in institutions of higher learning and in particular those in the Business, Technical, Vocational Education and Training (BTVET) sector during the time when Education For All (EFA) by the year 2012, has been on top of the agenda as one of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDG) for developing countries. The UPE programme took off amidst a barrage of problems including widespread public criticism resulting from the initially poor performance of typical UPE schools in the country. Among the problems that pledged this programme from the very start was the issue of congestion of the available classrooms. Because of the UPE programme many schools reported overwhelming enrolments leading to an influx of the hitherto non school going children. This became a cause for concern as a result of the overstretched existing facilities within schools. In spite of the inadequate conditions under which some of the schools operated, and whilst some schools were still lamenting the lack of space and inadequate facilities, it was about this time that the government made good its second promise regarding free education and introduced the Universal Secondary Education, (USE) free for all. The programme, which started in 2007, was introduced in a similar way to UPE ten years earlier. Similar in a sense tha t the programme was ill prepared for as it was started within the existing school infrastructure and with the same manpower. Three years down the line however, reports from the media and evidence from schools seem to suggest that the USE programme has produced increased rates of enrolment in secondary schools by the year since it was started. It is the assumption of this author that if these reforms in the education sector have so far been a success story they could have a similar impact on peoples attitudes regarding education in general and vocational education in particular, and it is from the results of this study that this fact will be fully established. It is on this basis among other factors that this author is to conduct a study of the rates at which students enroll and complete their courses paying particular attention to such factors as cause them to drop out and what to do about it. It is important to note at this point however that in as much as both primary and secondary education have been made universal there are still many children of school going age that are not in school, leaving us with questions demanding answers as to why this is so. There are many children seen hanging about on streets whilst others resort to early marriages and/or childhood labour. A lot of children who dont go to school are found in the villages which are the centre of activity for most families who live on subsistence farming. Causes for this can be numerous, however let it suffice to say at this point that this kind of situation is at the centre of this studys investigation. Whereas there is no legislation on school going age in the country universal education has so far not been made compulsory. This has not only given some parents the freedom but also has to a great extent contributed to keeping many children away from schools since there is no accountability to any local autho rity for not sending children to school. With so many children growing up in an environment where a good part of the population either disregard the importance of education or considers it to be beyond their reach, it is important to investigate whether this carries any significance in terms of influence to the students who opt to continue with education in institutions of higher learning. Whilst the tendency of dropping out of schools can be traced in all sectors of education in the country, it is important to investigate the rate at which it is happening. Since the government set up the Special Educational Policy Review Commission (1989), some of its results have been realized in the government white paper on education, in addition to UPE and USE. There is need therefore to investigate further the reforms on educational programmes brought about as a result of the action of this commission and how these impact on enrolment and completion rates. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1. To establish factors that influence students to join institutions of higher learning. 2. To investigate how the programmes on offer within the institutions of higher learning particularly in the BTVET sector meet employment needs of young people 3. The study will seek to establish the trend of performance in the BTVET institutions by comparing the number of students that initially enroll and the number that finish their two or three year courses, noting any disparities if any, over a period of ten years. 4. A cross section of school drop outs will be located and interviewed to establish reasons why they failed to complete their courses. 5. A cross section of students in the final year of their courses will also be interviewed to establish factors that motivate them to complete their courses. 6. To study and draw examples from developing countries as well as developed European countries for purposes of comparing and contrasting the BTVET situation on ground in Uganda. It is the view of this author that comparing and contrasting systems will provide a wider perspective about how BTVET courses are taught elsewhere in relationship to what is on the ground. 7. To conduct a review of the literature that explores education as practiced in the history of the African traditional society the context in which formal education can be appreciated and practiced for the benefit of communities (ref). 8. To conduct a brief study of the current reforms within the British system of education as an example of a system that is constantly transforming in an attempt to match needs of young people in a developed country. Political/Economic background to the Problem Uganda is a land-locked country, which lies across the equator in the heart of Africa, covering 241,139 square kilometers, 17% of which is water. Most of the country lies between 900-2000 meters above sea level, which makes it enjoy a generally mild tropical climate with temperatures ranging between 17 ºc and 28 ºc with the average rainfall of about 1500 mm p.a. The same altitudinal variations enable Uganda grow a wide range of subsistence and cash crops for the country. With a population, which is now estimated to be 24.4 Million, Uganda has an annual growth rate of 3.3% and a density of 124 persons per square kilometer. Females constitute about 51.2% of the population according to the 2002 National Population and Housing Census. A decade after Uganda attained independence in 1962 a period of political instability was experienced, (1970-1979) which led to serious economic and political decline. During this period skilled manpower including a large number of professionals fled the country seeking political and economic refuge. As a result of this most of the infrastructure for industries, education, transport and other service sectors were hardly repaired or maintained with many consequently falling into decline. The countrys growth in all sectors including that of the vocational education and training was adversely affected and the need for economic and social renewal both in terms of infrastructure as well as public attitudes towards education programmes was stronger than ever. Studies within the ministry of education and the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS), indicate that this situation appears to have improved in the past twenty years during which time a lot of changes have been brought about by the pres ent regime. The present system of education in Uganda is patterned after the model of the British system of education inherited after the country attained her political independence in 1962(ref). This system of education was originally designed to produce graduates with a bias towards secretarial and administrative jobs(ibid). This is because the main purpose of education during the colonial days was to provide personnel for service to the colonial master (ref). The system had no inclination towards rural development although government policy emphasized transformation of the country side(ibid). The educational system continued to over-supply youngsters with purely academic type of education while shortages of specialised practical training persisted. As a result of this trend when the Ministry of Planning and Economic Development conducted a survey in 1997 it was revealed that there was an acute shortage of professionals and technicians in the manufacturing industry. The time elapsed since then calls for yet another study to help find out the present state of affairs regarding the job market in Uganda. Documentary evidence from the ministry of education and sports seems to suggest that enrolment in institutions of technical and higher education does not correspond to the countrys manpower needs. Moreover, earlier research within the ministry has shown that the enrolment mechanism used is one where each institution has an enrolment target set depending on the previous years enrolment as well as available resources and training capacity of the institution(ref). In setting targets, there is no evidence to suggest that the government gives priority to the countrys job market needs or to the needs of the young people in a particular geographical area. Most of the institutions whether government or private often attract students nationwide regardless of geographical boundaries, who apply for admission to the already established courses. Admission to these courses is on merit and certain courses are highly competitive. A comprehensive study of Ugandas National Manpower which was carried o ut in 1988 by the Ministry of Education and Sports revealed that countrywide, there were at that time 21 vocational schools, 77 technical schools and institutes and 37 business schools and institutes with a total annual output of about 5000. Of the total number of institutions, 5 vocational centres, 52 technical schools and institutes were government-aided. The survey also revealed that from 1983 to 1987 (inclusive), vocational schools graduated 3795; technical institutions graduated 6011 while commercial institutions graduated 11,831. The survey showed that the manufacturing sector alone employed 3.6 per cent of the administrative, managerial and professionals enumerated; 6.6 per cent of the technicians and associate professional personnel and 12.7 per cent of the skilled workers. It was projected that the number of 5000 artisans, technicians and craftsmen who were at the time produced by Ugandan institutions would hardly satisfy the demand by the economy especially during the peri od of rehabilitation and reconstruction programmes to be undertaken under the new regime. Despite the fact that vocational education and training institutions are supposed to produce graduates whose skills will be readily utilised in the job market, it has been observed that there are many graduates of the vocational sector that suffer from joblessness. As to whether this is a result of students taking the wrong courses, or whether it is the inadequacy of the infrastructure within the industrial economy making it unable to absorb all graduates, is a fact yet to be established. On the matter of joblessness however, Dewey (1998) asserts that education serves a far greater purpose, suggesting that it is a means by which members of the society preserve their own identity and values. Nevertheless, this problem of joblessness and economic backwardness resulting from systems of education which produce unemployable graduates remains a subject of investigation. Hence the necessity of this study to investigate and analyse all factors underlying the enrolment and completion rates wi thin the very institutions concerned with the supply of manpower for the industrial economy of the country. Study questions In some of the rural areas of Uganda, TVET has in the past been generally considered as a second-class education in both the perceptions and expectations of pupils and parents. Likewise low prestige is attached to technical training as it is often associated with failure to achieve higher academic aspirations. This suspicion of a second-class education supposedly leads some parents to opt for a general type of education that is likely to help improve quality of everyday life by providing access to white collar employment for their sons and daughters. It is one of the aims of this study to investigate whether the attitude of both parents and their children has had any effect on the enrolment and completion rates in TVET institutions. A review of the Uganda Education Policy Review Report (1989) reveals an observation made regarding Ugandas educational curriculum of the late 80s, as outdated and irrelevant to the needs of the economy. Among other things it was recommended that the curri culum be revised and updated for it to suit the countrys needs. With over two decades down the line since the establishment of this review commission there is a need to investigate whether this recommendation was ever put into effect, and to establish whether there is a difference between the present provision of educational programmes and those of twenty years ago. The study therefore seeks to find answers to the following questions: a) What are the factors affecting the rates of enrolments into VET programmes. b) What are the factors affecting completion rates in TVET institutions. c) What is the trend of enrolment in relationship to completion rates in the BTVET institutions over the past ten years? Focus of the Study From the Uganda Bureau of statistics (2002) we find that the rural population represents 70 percent of the worlds poor and 72 percent of the population of the least developed countries. Many African governments are doing their best to harness development through urbanisation and education of masses in a bid to uplift the populations standards of living. However, despite the urbanization, the situation of poverty and underdevelopment is likely to stay with us for the foreseeable future. The present campaign to ‘make poverty history in the developing countries might yield no results and poverty will continue to exist for as long as the worlds rural populations remain living in such conditions such as those that exist today. While African countries are likely to benefit from the global fight to try and assist in making poverty history, the real solution is not in ‘the provision of the fish, but in teaching the African young people ‘the fishing techniques (ref). In this respect, education which is the process by which people learn and acquire skills (ref) need to focus on imparting the right kind of skills, those which will promote a holistic type of education. Likewise, the governments policies and resources need to be redirected to providing a type of education that will produce the skills of a kind that the country needs for its social and economic development. Studies by the World Bank reveal that in Africa today vocational skills are particularly important at an early stage in the education of an individual because circumstances such as wars and pestilences have made many a young person become the sole provider for the family. For this reason among others, this study will focus on the young people and the factors that have in the past ten years influenced their enrolments, drop outs and those that motivated completion in various courses offered in the BTVET institutions. A review of the Literature on Ugandas current Education system According to the Uganda National Curriculum, formal education in Uganda takes seven years at the primary level, followed by four to six years for both ‘O and ‘A level. Students completing this level join the technical schools which take three years at the lower level and 2 years at the advanced level. As would be the case in many countries the choice to join a technical school at the lower primary school level is not a very popular one as to many it would reflect academic failure, and to some a poor economic background. Another considerable factor is the poor output for those joining at this level, as it gives poor yields both in skill and standards of living. Grubb, (1995) emphasizes this fact by asserting that the training programmes for the low educated and less skilled have in the past not been particularly successful in getting them jobs and higher incomes. There have been in the past great opportunities for ‘O level leavers to join the Primary Teachers College s (PTC), this is also reducing as the demand for standards in institutions becomes higher and higher in the country. Those who join ‘A level eventually join either university or an institute of higher learning such as a National Teachers College (NTC), and possibly a technical/vocational college or farm school. The Uganda Vocational Curriculum is represented in an overlapping three-tier system with level one, the craftsman level offered by technical schools as the lowest. This level is for the primary school leavers who for various reasons could not make it to secondary schools. Such students go to technical schools for three-year full time courses leading to the award of Uganda Junior Technical Certificate (UJTC) in courses such as Carpentry and Joinery, Block laying and Concrete Practice, Tailoring, and Agriculture. Level two is also known as the Technician level offered through technical colleges and Uganda Polytechnic normally admits ‘O level with high passes in Science and Mathematics and in certain cases ‘A level graduates not absorbed into university. These technical Institutes offer two-year full time courses in various vocational courses such as Carpentry and Joinery, Mechanics, Plumbing, etc. Due to rising academic standards however, many students who would benefit fro m these courses are kept out as a result of high pass grades in Mathematics, Physics and English at Olevel. Level three, the graduate engineer level is offered through Universities, Technical Colleges and the Uganda Polytechnics. These recruit ‘A level graduates who passed examinations in Physics and Mathematics. Courses are of a two-year duration leading to the award of ordinary diploma in Civil, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering among others. Graduate level engineers are currently trained only at Makerere University. However, according to a report by Wirak, et al, (2003), the Uganda Polytechnic Kyambogo aspiring for university status, in 2001/2002 academic year through a merger with the Institute of Teacher Education Kyambogo (ITEK) sought to upgrade into a degree awarding institution known as Kyambogo University. In addition to Makerere University this institution might also be in position to offer similar degree programmes in engineering. Vocational training on the other hand, is offered through the Directorate of Industrial Training with various Centres and programmes within the country. The directorate is responsible for industrial training, apprenticeship training, trade testing and certification and skills up-grading. Ugandas Education Curriculum The National Curriculum Development Centre (NCDC) a body responsible for reviewing the needs and formulating the curriculum was set up in 1973, (Bennell Sayed, 2002). This body has revised the curriculum and attempts made to implement it, covering a range of subjects at primary and secondary school levels. In spite of all the efforts towards formulating a practically oriented curriculum however, it is worth noting that the curriculum is still academically rigorous and irrelevant to the economical and industrial needs of the country. Reasons for this could be attributed to the inherent biasness within the education system where general education programmes are treated with higher priority and given preference by both parents and students over vocational education programmes. Past experience has shown that many school leavers do not have the skills needed by the employers in spite of successful completion of their general education courses. It is also evident that the Uganda Curriculu m seems to promote the traditional trend of a high demand for an academic education which is the basis for white-collar employment notwithstanding the needs for the countrys growing mixed economy. According to Bennell Sayed, (2002) Uganda has been one of leading Sub-Sahara African countries to implement wide-ranging economic and social reforms to achieve sustainable growth. And it is for this reason that the country has in the recent past been mentioned as a success story for the African continent by several UNESCO and World Bank reports (UNESCO, 2001). Progress is particularly prominent in primary education due to the decision taken in 1996 to implement universal primary education free to four children in every family. This removed what had been an important economic impediment for families to enroll and maintain their children at school. According to a ministerial report (Bitamazire, 2005) by 2001, about 65 percent of the total education budget was devoted to primary education an d the gross enrolment ratio for this level increased from about 75 percent in 1995 to about 135 percent in 2002, (ibid). Late 2005, the prospect of Universal Secondary Education (USE) was announced, (Newvision, Nov. 2005). It was predicted that the scheme would benefit an estimated 300,000 pioneers to the programme. This number would comprise of pupils who sat for Primary Leaving Examinations in 2005 and those who completed Primary 7 under Universal Primary Education (UPE) in 2004 and 2003 but were unable to continue due to lack of funds for school fees, (ibid). The successful implementation of this programme would make Uganda the first country in Africa to introduce universal and free secondary education, (ibid). According to UNESCO, (2005) by the year 2004, only a fifth (20%) of the then Ugandas population of 25 million had a chance to enroll for secondary education, and the beneficiaries were mainly from the higher income groups and urban families. The new USE scheme would aim at enhancing access to secondary education, particularly for low-income groups and children from rural families. As one of the ways of advancing towards the millennium development goals, (MDG), Vocational Education and Training is of particular importance in todays globalized, information and knowledge-based economy. In order for any society to successfully integrate its young people and have them ‘benefit from the economy a well-educated workforce is inevitable (Bennell Sayed, 2002). In Ugandas predominantly rural economies where many primary school leavers do not have any chance of further formal education, a vocational training is most needed. With the introduction of USE the problem of unemployment will probably be exacerbated by an influx of unemployable and unskilled school leavers into the job market. By solving the problem of secondary school accessibility for many rural young people, the process of universal and free secondary education will be creating another one as the rural communities will be filled with frustrated school leavers who will not be able to cope with the rural lifestyles, and yet do not have the capacity to live the desirable urban lifestyles due to lack of employable skills. TVET and Industrial Training Industrial training is an integral part of all the courses in technical/vocational education, in each of the technical and vocational education and training institutions, including university. In Uganda students would spend a minimum of three months each year on job placement, while doing the practical training. During this time they are supervised by the industry and would normally be visited by their lecturers to assess and discuss their training and progress in their programs. Other forms of training involve field trips, regional workshops, study tours and seminars organized by the various training institutions. It is usually through such workshops and seminars that vocational students are made aware of and given the chance to discuss the experiences and opportunities provided by the world of work. According to Lugujjo, (1998) such seminars were by then limited and depended on different training institutions and their ability to finance them (the seminars). Lugujjo, (1998) further asserted that the government of Uganda ought to have adopted a coherent policy with financial provision to ‘link technical and vocational education and training to industry in order to produce proficient workers and make education more responsive to the social and economic requirements of the country. This study also investigates to what extent the Ugandan policy has supported the link between the training institutions and the real world of work (or the industry). Challenges facing the Vocational sector The structure of Ugandas education system appears to be well organized and appealing to the needs of all levels of students including those with the lowest level of formal education. Yet promising as it appears, the system still faces numerous problems and as a result it yields limited and controversial outputs as its would-be beneficiaries turn out to be its very critics. As the case would be in most countries the Uganda government as well as the general public see TVET as expensive, and difficult to implement due to the high costs of infrastructure, provision of machinery and equipment, and well trained staff to handle the programme, (Kasozi, 2005). Besides it also carries with it the stigma of being patronized by intellectually inferior students and associated with non-prestigious blue-collar employment. After completing primary school, a child who failed to go to secondary school would join a technical school. Similarly, a child who failed to go to university would have a vocatio nal institution as a last option to keep him in school. In the past the situation was made worse by the fact that technical and vocational education had no vertical mobility and access to higher education, (ibid). This was compounded by lack of adequate facilities and infrastructure in some vocational institutions resulting in the fact that many of the students completing technical/vocational courses in such institutions were ill equipped for both industry and self-employment. For some young people this constituted a reason for choosing rather to stay at home than join a technical school as it was not worth the expensive effort. For others, the feeling that a technical school was the last alternative for those students who could not make it to the next stage caused a dislike for the system. For many young people however, VET seems to be the best option as evidence from the numerous informal sector (Jua Kali) workshops in Nairobi, Kenya seems to suggest. When given the opportunity an d the right environment, many of these academically downgraded students often turn out to be among the most successful craftsmen and entrepreneurs of the country after putting to use the practical skills gained from technical and vocational institutions. Numerous examples of these are seen in the informal sector workshops in the country. Most of the informal sector in the sub-Saharan Africa is dominated by craftsmen who never saw the inside of a university classroom. Handelman, (1996) pointed out that many of the low-income workers in developing countries who find jobs, will under favourable conditions achieve upward mobility. He cites an example in Owens, (1991:235) who carried out a study of West Bengals industrial city of Howrah, where he found that â€Å"several hundred men who started with almost nothing now own factories large enough to employ twenty five or more workers, placing them among the richest people of the community.† (Handelman, 1996, pp.135-136). This example further demonstrates the fact that the acquisition of technical skills leading to industrial success does not have to depend only on ones performance in general education. a) Accessibility to Vocational Education A survey of the socio-economic needs of local communities in Uganda done by the World Bank (2002) reveal that it is the wish of most school going children and their parents that they pursue their education to the highest level and attain a university degree. However this would not be possible given the variable capabilities ranging from academic to social and economic demands. As a result a lot of students are forced to look up to other institutions of higher learning other than the Universities. This is necessary so that all students can be catered for even if they may not have academic requirements or the financial means to acquire a University education. Another factor to consider is that state universities do not have the capacity to absorb all applicants with minimum entry requirements. As a result many join private universities, vocational/technical institutions and other institutions of higher learning. The question however still to be discussed later in this study is what mot ivates students to join the institutions of higher learning, and particularly those in the Business, Technical or Vocational training sector? Studies by UNEVOC and UNESCO have established that some parents have a accepted technical and vocational education as a possible alternative for their children. This is the trend the present government seems to be following as in the process of introducing USE, there are plans to follow it up with free vocational education, (New Vision, March 29th 2006). b) Aims and objectives of TVET in Uganda: The ministry of education, listed among others the following as priorities for education of a rural community: listed among other priorities in the education for a rural community the following aims and objectives of technical and vocational education in Uganda: â€Å"To stimulate the technical growth of students in order to make them productive members of the community; and to produce craftsmen, technicians and other skilled manpower to meet the demands of industry, agriculture, commerce and the general labour force†. The Uganda Education Sector Investment Plan, (ESIP, 1998-2003), The ministry also established that ‘one of the biggest limiting factors to access entry to technical schools was the students poor academic performance in Mathematics and Science causing them to fail getting acceptance to the tech

History Boys (random quotes and notes) Essay

Quotes Headmaster: Why are you dressed as a milk man? – Shows lack of understanding for the boys who are in a working class Headmaster: There Clever but they lack Crass. Ms. Lintot They know there stuff. But they Lack Flare. Hector: All Knowledge is useful even if it doesnt serve the slightest need Hector: Its the hot Ticket – Happyness Headmaster: I thought of going. But this was in the 50s. Change was in the air. I was a Geographer. I went to†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Headmaster: Odity- Rudge. Posner: I’ll Go sir – Hector: Nevermind. Irwin: Has any one been to Rome, Venince.  So why bother Irwin: I dont know, I wold go to newcastle, save the money and be happy. Irwin: Whats truth got to do with it. Ms. Lintot: Cunt Strunct, Compound adjective. Hector: At least im doing better than felix. Posner: Although he laughs the laughs on me. Rudge: What fun must you all have Dakin: Lititure is about loosers. Gobits:  Pass the parcel thats all sometimes you can do. Take it feel. Not for me not for you. Headmaster:This Is no time for poetry Headmaster: Are you going to tell your wife. Posner is the only one who attends his lesson after four.  Posner is the only one who goes up to mr hector when he is crying. Dakin: Is that the subjunctive or the It will pass Who says I want it to pass Why dont you all just tell the truth. Ms. Lintot â€Å"History is a commetary on the various and continuing incapabilities of men† Rudge: Its just one fucking thing after another. If they like me and they take me then theyll take me because im dull and ordinary like everybody else. Irwin: Dont you ever want to go back? Im not clever enough, im not anything enough really. Hector: What I didnt want was to turn out boys who would claim In later life to have a deep love of literature. Has a boy ever made you unhappy? They used to do. See it as an Inoculation, Rather. Briefly painful, but providing immunity for however long it takes. Given the occasional Booster, Another Face, another reminder of the pain, It can last you half a life time. Love. Who could love me? Do they know? They know everthing? Dont touch him. He†ll think your a full. Dakin: How come theres such a difference between the way you teach and the way you live? Dakin: Hectors a Joke- Irwin: No, He isn;t, you see? Dakin, whats the difference between Mr. Hector touching us up on the bike, and your feeling up fiona. Posmer: Im not happy, but im not unhappy about it. Skrips: No. Love Apart, It is the only education worth having. I’d been on playground duty, so I saw him on what must have been his first morning†¦ Here, Scripps takes on the role of a narrator IRWIN: He was a good man but I do not think there is time for his kind of teaching anymore. SCRIPPS: No. Love apart it is the only kind of education worth having. Timms seems to suddenly step outside of time and say: The hitting never hurt. It was a joke. None of us cared. We lapped it up. This sudden switch into the past tense comes as a surprise, and may prompt the audience to wonder whether Timms is addressing them directly, from some future time in which he is looking back at the events being played out. The intrusion of future knowledge into the linear narrative of the play continues to cast a shadow over events, and becomes darker as the story progresses. At the start of Act 2 for example, we see another flash-forward, this time by ‘about five years’. Irwin is in his wheelchair once more, which tells us that his accident will be soon, and not in the more distant future as we may have first thought, increasing the sense of urgency and inevitability. In this future time, Irwin meets one of the students, identified only, to begin with, as ‘Man’. This label also expresses the passing of time through its contrast to ‘boy’, the term used in the title of the play and throughout to describe the students. This ‘Man’ is Posner,  perhaps the most fragile of the boys, who is now in therapy and desperately clinging to his past. He says of university: All the effort went into getting there and then I had nothing left. While Irwin’s fate is foreshadowed throughout, the fate of Hector comes as a tragic surprise. It is important to consider why it is Mrs Lintott who takes this role of retrospective narrator. Like Scripps, she has been an outsider, describing her separation from the male environment of the play in her metaphor: They kick their particular stone along the street and I watch. given them a deeper perception of time and its patterns. The total timescale of events described within The History Boys can therefore be seen to encompass about twenty years, but Bennett incorporates a much wider period by showing the historical and literary influences acting upon the characters. The classroom setting allows Bennett to use intertextuality freely to achieve this. This technique involves the reference of other, previously written texts within the play. Thomas Hardy’s ‘Drummer Hodge’, for example, is used to symbolise the connection between Hector and Posner: Posner: How old was he?†¨Hector: If he was a drummer, he would be a young soldier, younger than you probably.†¨Posner: No. Hardy.†¨Hector: Oh, how old was Hardy? When he wrote this, about sixty. My age, I suppose This prompts a moving discussion about loneliness and isolation. Hector can relate to the loneliness of the poem, being around the same age as Hardy was when he wrote it, and feeling a sense of unfulfilled ambition, of a life not lived. For Posner, a teenager dealing with his homosexuality in a school full of heterosexual boys, the loneliness of Drummer Hodge, a boy not much older than himself, is deeply affecting. Are seeing a play from the early 21st century, set in the 1980s, using a poem from the 1960s describing 1914. messages of the play: that we can learn from times beyond our own lives through the literature left scattered through the decades and centuries, in what Hector describes as a game of ‘pass it on’. Rudge’s ironic rendition of  Ã¢â‚¬ËœIt’s a Sin’ by the Pet Shop Boys (1987) also comments on the inevitable presence and role of sexuality and ‘sin’ in education. http://yr13practise.wordpress.com/2011/11/13/the-history-boys/ The History Boys therefore moves far beyond the initially restrictive time and space in which it is set to bind together influences from across the 20th century and before. This goes some way to explain the title itself; the boys, through their teachers and education, are moving into their future with history having become a fundamental part of their characters, personalities and lives. As the fateful accident is set in motion, Scripps notes:†¨And here, history rattled over the points†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¨To continue this train metaphor, Alan Bennett has not only presented the interchange station of the boys’ transition from school to university, but the long lines of railway that stretch backwards and forwards beyond it. my education at school was confined to what I needed to pass exams. Women: The representation of women is seen through the very few female characters in the play. -Bennett presents marriage as a confinement of social experience vs being central to a happy ending. -Both Hectors unexpected wife and the Mrs. Headmaster are absent from stage. -Glimpses of this marrige are represented as unhappy. -Both wifes help out at the charity shop -Hector clames that his wife would not be intrested in his fiddling of boys on the pillion – is Dorothy’s surmise that Mrs Hector had ‘sort of known all along’ about her husband and that ‘A husband in a low light, that’s what they want, these supposedly unsuspecting wives, the man’s lukewarm attentions, just what they married them for’. So, far from submissive, Hector’s wife has, arguably, some control in her marriage. Fionas Relationship with Dakin – Bennet explores the sexual stereyotype that women are used as objects rather – This is epitomized by Dakin’s statement that â€Å"I’m hoping one of the times might be on the study floor†¦ it’s like the Headmaster says one should have targets† – Dakin accentuates the relationship between sex and education as he notes the importance of measurable targets in pursuing Fiona. – comic upheaval of youth dominating age which again emphasises Fiona’s role in heightening male dominance. -Dakin compares sexual advances with Fiona and the advances of the British soldiers in the war. Fiona is depicted as his ‘Western Front’, a territory to be taken, and, more alarming, the enemy, the ‘Hun’; her body is ‘ground’ to be -depicts Fiona’s subservience and reaffirms her character as elevating male sexual accomplishment -degrades women’s role in society to be solely focused around pleasing men. Mrs.Lintott – She controversially comments on history as being â€Å"a commentary on the various and continuing incapabilities of men† – condemns the arrogant Dakin as ‘cunt-struck’. – She harnesses the derogatory male language of female private parts to derogate men, calling the Headmaster ‘twat’ -‘to go further down the same proscribed path, a condescending cunt’ – Bennett uses the character of Mrs Lintott to display the Headmaster’s idiocy in the first scene in which she appears on stage. He believes the boys need to â€Å"Think charm. Think Polish†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . However, Dorothy’s ironic response compares his idea of education to a â€Å"sprig of parsley† ,and subversively the Headmaster’s appearance on stage becomes the centre of the audience’s mockery. – however, Dorothy is, like Scripps, given a role as omniscient and perspicacious onlooker and observer of events over time – she satirically comments on society, stating they are â€Å"Pillars of a community that no longer has much use for pillars†. – further criticise â€Å"masculine ineptitude† as she demonstrates the unfulfilled outcome of the boys’ future as a result of the â€Å"masculine† approach to teaching. The comment that Dakin â€Å"like[s] money†,ironically denotes the value of an education focused solely on achieving ‘targets’. -self-absorbed behaviour of the male characters -However, Bennett excludes Mrs Lintott from the educational debate and presents her without any viewpoint on it -male dominant society that men are always in positions of influence and for a man to be inferior to a woman is inconceivable. – The headmaster is concerned with superficial ‘targets’,Hector believesâ€Å"all knowledge is precious†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and Irwin is chiefly concerned with originality and practical uses of it. Who are the History Boys? †¢ Dakin – The Stud †¢ Scripps – The Conscience †¢ Posner – The Lover/Poet †¢ Rudge – The Working Lad †¢ Akhtar – The Ethnic Minority †¢ Crowther – The Lip †¢ Timms – The Class Clown †¢ Lockwood – The Soldier Representations of Class †¢ Headmaster’s (BA Hull) snobbery: †¢ â€Å"They’re clever but they’re crass†¦Culture they can get from Hector, History they can get from you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  †¢ â€Å"They need polish. Edge†¦I want to see us up there!† Representations of Teaching Styles †¢ Mr Hector (General Studies): â€Å"Life Lessons† †¢ Mrs Dorothy Lintott (History): â€Å"Subject teaching† †¢ Mr Irwin (Oxbridge): â€Å"Exam boosters† †¢ The Head Master: â€Å"Results† â€Å"All knowledge is precious, whether or not it serves the slightest human use† †¢ AE Houseman †¢ â€Å"We won’t be examined on that, Sir†¦happiness† †¢ Question: What is education for? Teaching Style: Irwin †¢ Modern classroom of glass and plastic, bare walls, functional †¢ â€Å"I’d go to Newcastle and be happy† Fox, UK 15. Intertextuality as Commentary †¢ Noel Coward’s Brief Encounter: â€Å"Thank you for coming back to me† †¢ Drummer Hodge: Thomas Hardy â€Å"A saddish life. Though not unappreciated†¦Unkissed. Unrejoicing. Unconfessed. Unembraced† Representation of Gender †¢ â€Å"History’s a commentary on†¦ the continuing incapabilities of men†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Lintott) †¢ â€Å"Five centuries of masculine ineptitude† cf â€Å"The utter randomness of things† (Lintott) †¢ Question: How are the masculine and feminine represented in The History Boys 18. Schools as sexual sites – Fisher et al †¢ Sites of sexual opportunity, tension and competition †¢ Reinforced by popular culture, peer support †¢ Dominance of heteronormativity †¢ Male environments – homoeroticism of The History Boys 19. Representation of Sexuality 1 †¢ Representation of Male Adult Sexuality: †¢ â€Å"The transmission of knowledge is itself an erotic act† (Hector) †¢ â€Å"This is a school and it isn’t normal† (The Headmaster) †¢ â€Å"A grope is a grope† (Lintott) 20. Representation of Sexuality 2 †¢ Representation of Male Adolescent Awakening: †¢ Dakin’s ‘conquest’ †¢ Scripps’ faith †¢ Posner’s ‘in-love’ 21. Representation of Sexuality 3 †¢ Dakin’s proposition of Irwin †¢ Irwin’s response †¢ Question: What do you think of the representation of male (homo)sexuality in The History Boys? 22. Learning Styles †¢ â€Å"Mr. Hector’s stuff’s not meant for the exams. It’s to make us more rounded human beings† (Timms) †¢ â€Å"We’ve got the most important exam in our lives†¦We’re just sat here reading literature†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Lockwood) †¢ â€Å"Hector produces results but unpredictable and unquantiï ¬ able†¦There’s inspiration, certainly, but how do I quantify that?† (The Headmaster) †¢ â€Å"Lying works† (Dakin to Irwin) †¢ â€Å"He was a good man. But I don’t think there’s time for his kind of teaching anymore† (Irwin on Hector) †¢ â€Å"One of the hardest things for boys to learn is that a teacher is human. One of the hardest things for a teacher to learn is not to try and tell them† (Lintott) Bennetts presentation of marriage Education: Intetextuallity Analysis of women: shovinism